25 Responses

1. I live in Middletown, NY, about an hour northwest of New York City. On Sunday, 3/24, the first day of Spring, we saw the sun rising in a clear, blue sky. Then we saw the planes. A few hours later, the sun was completely blocked out by the oppressive, featureless total cloud cover. Again on Sunday, March 31, we awakened to a sky covered in chemtrails. The day before had been beautiful with blue sky and normal white fluffy clouds, but Sunday was scary. Monday began with a thick, heavy, unnatural fog and the sun did not show its face that day either. These are 3 days that would have normally been sunny with blue sky had they not sprayed. I suspect there are many sunny days that we have missed because of this diabolical program.

   Reply

   1. Felicia,

      I live in New Windsor Ny; 35 minutes east of Middletown. Newburgh NY, New Windsor, Cornwall, etc, are located between West Point and Stewart AFB. My family and I have lived in the area for the last 20 years and we are all sick. The Chemtrails are all overand have been since I can remember. Chronic Asthma,sinus infections, fatigue, dizziness, memory loss etc.have been with me for years. My sons are Asthmatic, and experience severe allergies.
      I have noticed that when I don’t go outside for an extended period of time I feel better. It is strange because last year, after going for long walks and trying to get in some exercise, I would getone bronchial infection after another.
      Again, I don’t know if staying indoors( I am luckyI am able to do this) and not getting sick is a coincedence or not.
      My children are adults, however, their childhood allergies and asthma are still with them.
      I had read about chemtrails in the past. However, this site and others have informed me of the evil that is going on. It’s hard to believe.

2. http://archive.org/search.php?query=protein%20split%20products%20AND%20collection%3Aamericana alkalinity poison protein zinc corn etc!

   Reply

3. They have part of it right look down and at the food also protein zinc alkalinity no matter what they say or do they have killed their own kids including the military protecting Monsanto etc! They have sprayed egg whites also into atmosphere! name of book on proteins early genetics stuff is Protein Split products an oldie but GOLDIE it’s for real we are at WAR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

   CHAPTER V
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH DILUTE
   ALKALI IN SOLUTION IN ABSOLUTE
   ALCOHOL
   THE researches detailed in the preceding pages seem to
   establish the following propositions:
   1. The cellular substances of bacteria consist largely of
   proteins that yield split products identical with those
   obtained by the hydrolysis of vegetable and animal proteins.
   It has been shown that the bacterial cellular substances,
   when broken up with mineral acids or alkalies, furnish
   ammonia, mono-amino and diamino nitrogen, one or more
   carbohydrate groups, and humin substances. It seemed
   therefore logical to conclude that the bacterial cell consists
   largely of proteins.
   2. The proteins of the bacterial cell contain at least
   one group which when injected intra-abdominally, subcutaneously,
   or intravenously in anmials, has a markedly
   poisonous effect.
   3. This poisonous group may be detached from the cell
   protein by hydrolysis with either dilute acids or alkalies.
   4. The dilute alkali furnishes the better means of extracting
   the poisonous group.
   5. When the bacterial protein is broken up with alkali
   in dilute aqueous solution, at least two groups are split
   off and pass into solution. These are the carbohydrate
   and the poisonous groups. Both are soluble in water and
   in dilute alcohol, and their separation, when the cell protein
   is disrupted by alkali in aqueous solution, is difficult and
   unsatisfactory.
   6. Since the carbohydrate group is insoluble in absolute
   alcohol, while the poisonous group is more readily soluble
   96 PROTEIN POISONS
   in this menstruum than in water, it was decided to attempt
   to disrupt the cell protein with a solution of alkali in absolute
   alcohol. Another idea also acted as a determining factor
   in attempting this method of hydrolysis, and in fact it
   was at that time the dominating factor. The effect of the
   poisonous group on animals so closely resembles that of
   neurin that it was thought that the two might be identical,
   or at least that the poisonous body might contain neurin.
   Knowing that neurin can be heated without decomposition
   in alkaline alcohol was, therefore, a reason for trying this
   method.
   7. Previous experiments had demonstrated the advantage
   of extracting the cell substance thoroughly with alcohol and
   ether before submitting it to hydrolysis. This frees the
   material from fat, wax, and other substances soluble in
   alcohol or ether, and since it had been shown that these
   are no part of the cell protein it is beneficial to get rid of
   them in toto before hydrolysis is attempted.
   The following preliminary trials were made by Vaughan
   and Wheeler (in the fall of 1903) in order to compare
   hydrolysis with aqueous and alcoholic solutions of alkali.
   Two samples, of 10 grams each, of the cellular substance
   of the colon bacillus were taken. This material had previously
   been thoroughly extracted with alcohol and ether.
   One sample was mixed with 250 c.c. of a 1 per cent, aqueous
   solution of sodium hydroxide and the other with the same
   volume of an absolute alcohol solution of the same substance
   in the same strength. These mixtures were heated in
   flasks, fitted with reflux condensers, for one hour on the
   water-bath. Ten cubic centimeters of the clear filtrate
   from each was evaporated, the aqueous solution to 5 c.c.
   and the alcoholic to dryness, and then taken up in 5 c.c.
   of water. Each was carefully neutralized with dilute
   hydrochloric acid and injected into the abdominal cavity
   of a guinea-pig. Both animals developed in a characteristic
   manner the first and second stages of poisoning with the
   split product, but neither died. This experiment showed
   that the poison was present in both extracts, and, so far
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 97
   as we could judge by the development and intensity of
   the symptoms, in similar amounts. That the poison could
   be extracted by alkaline alcohol was proved.
   ‘
   However,
   the yield was not satisfactory, and a second test was made,
   and in this the strength of the alkali was doubled. These
   were treated as before, and the pigs that received the
   injections developed the characteristic symptoms and
   died. The one that had the alcoholic extract died within
   six, and the other within eight minutes. This confirmed
   the hope that the alcoholic alkali was quite as efficient as
   the aqueous in the extraction of the poisonous group.
   While the aqueous extract contained a large amount of
   the carbohydrate group, it was found that the alcoholic
   extract, after evaporation to dryness and solution in water,
   gave the biuret, Millon, and xanthoproteic tests, but failed
   wholly to give the Molisch reaction. The carbohydrate
   group had been split off in both samples, but being insoluble
   in absolute alcohol, it remained with the insoluble portion
   of the cellular substance.
   The above and many other experiments have demonstrated
   that the best method, so far devised, for extracting
   the poisonous group from the cell protein, or, as subsequent
   work has shown, from any protein, is by means of a 2 per
   cent, solution of sodium’ hydroxide in absolute alcohol.
   If satisfactory results are obtained, the alcohol used in the
   extraction must be absolute. If it is not, more or less of
   the carbohydrate will be mixed with the poison; a sticky
   mass will be obtained, and the patience of the experimenter
   will be taxed severely. Previous thorough extraction of
   the protein with alcohol and ether for the removal of fats,
   waxes, and other substances soluble in these agents, is
   also essential to satisfactory work.
   The method for preparing the bacterial cellular substance
   has been given, but it may be well to give here some details
   for the preparation of egg-white before splitting it up into
   poisonous and non-poisonous proteins.
   Fresh eggs (we have usually taken twenty dozen at a
   time) are broken and the whites dropped into a beaker or
   7
   98 PROTEIN POISONS
   precipitating jar, then poured with constant stirring into
   four volumes of 95 per cent, alcohol. This stands with
   frequent stirring for two days, then the alcohol is decanted,
   and replaced with the same volume of absolute alcohol.
   This is allowed to stand for from one to two days, when
   the coagulated albumin is collected on a filter, allowed to
   drain, then placed in large Soxhlets and extracted with
   ether for from one to two days. It is then ground in porcelain
   mortars and passed through fine meshed sieves. This
   gives a beautifully white powder which may be kept in
   bottles in stock from which portions are taken for the
   purpose of hydrolyzing it.
   Twenty dozen eggs yield about 735 grams of this powder,
   a little more than 3 grams per egg.
   A weighed portion of the protein, prepared as above, is
   placed in a flask, covered with from fifteen to twenty-five
   times its weight of absolute alcohol in which 2 per cent, of
   sodium hydroxide has been dissolved. The flask, fitted
   with a reflux condenser, is heated on the water-bath for
   one hour, when it is allowed to cool and the insoluble portion
   collected on a filter. After thorough draining the insoluble
   part is returned to the flask and the extraction repeated.
   It has been found that three extractions are necessary in
   order to split off all the poisonous group. The temperature
   of these extractions is 78, the temperature of boiling
   absolute alcohol. By this method the protein is split into
   two portions, one of which is soluble in absolute alcohol
   and is poisonous, while the other is insoluble in absolute
   alcohol and is not poisonous.
   A large number of protein bodies, bacterial, vegetable,
   and animal, have been split up in this way and no true
   protein has failed to yield a poisonous portion. Among
   the proteins with which we have worked the following may
   be mentioned: egg-white, casein, serum albumin, edestin,
   zein, Witte’s peptone, Macquaire’s peptone, de Chapoteaut’s
   peptone, the tissue of cancers, and the cellular substance
   of bacillus coli communis, b. typhosus, b. anthracis, b.
   tuberculosis, b. Moelleri (timothy), sarcina lutea, b. ruber
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 99
   of Kiel, b. proteus, b. subtilis, b. megaterium, b. pyocyaneus,
   b. pneumonise, and b. diphtheriae. Gelatin contains
   no poison, but gelatin is an albuminoid and gives the
   Millon test imperfectly, if at all. Nicolle and Abt1 found
   that Defresne’s peptone does not yield a poison when
   treated by our method, and we have confirmed this finding.
   It would be interesting to know whether this peptone is
   made from gelatin or from a true protein. The probabilities
   are that in peptic digestion a point is reached when the
   poisonous group in proteins is disrupted. In fact, as has
   been stated (page 42), we have shown that the poison in
   the cellular substance of the colon bacillus is slowly digested
   and destroyed by digestion with pepsin-hydrochloric acid.
   Therefore, it is not strange that certain peptones fail to
   yield a poisonous body when disrupted with dilute alkali
   in absolute alcohol. ‘ Witte’s peptone, so-called, as is well
   known, is not a peptone, but an albumose.
   This poison, like the whole protein of which it is a part,
   is formed synthetically by the living cell. In case of the
   colon poison we demonstrated this by growing the bacillus
   in Fraenkel’s modification of Uschinsky’s medium, which
   has the following composition:
   Water 10,000 parts
   Sodium chloride 50 parts
   Asparagin 34 parts
   Ammonium lactate 63 parts
   Di-sodium hydrogen phosphate 20 parts
   After a week’s development the contents of these flasks
   were poured into from two to three volumes of 95 per cent,
   alcohol. The precipitate was filtered out and put into
   absolute alcohol; next it was extracted in Soxhlets with
   ether, dried, and powdered. This powdered cellular substance,
   when split up with 2 per cent, sodium hydroxide
   in absolute alcohol, furnished the poison, the action of
   which was demonstrated on guinea-pigs. Moreover, the
   poison obtained in this way gave all the protein reactions
   1 Annales de 1’Institut Pasteur, February, 1908.
   100 PROTEIN POISONS
   hereafter described as being obtained from the poison from
   agar-grown cultures. This demonstrates that the poison is.
   an integral part of the cellular substance, and it is evident
   that the bacterial cell must synthetically produce this
   protein body during its growth from the chemical constituents
   of the medium.
   When the protein is split up by dilute alkali in absolute
   alcohol according to the method described, the poison is
   in solution in the alkaline alcohol. The preparation is
   filtered and the filtrate neutralized with hydrochloric acid,
   avoiding an excess of acid. This throws down the greater
   part of both base and acid as sodium chloride, which is
   removed by filtration. In this way a solution of the poison
   in absolute alcohol is obtained. This is evaported in
   vacuo at 40, redissolved in absolute alcohol to remove
   traces of sodium chloride, and again evaporated in vacuo
   at 40 or less. Evaporation may be done in an open dish,
   but the toxicity of the substances is somewhat decreased
   when this is done. The poisonous part of the protein
   molecule when obtained in this way and powdered, when
   there is no water present, forms a dark brown scale which
   pulverizes into a lighter brown powder.
   It should be clearly understood that we regard this
   method of extracting the poisonous group from the protein
   molecule as by no means ideal. We know that it is crude
   and that much of the poison is destroyed in the process.
   In disrupting a protein by our method with dilute alkali
   in absolute alcohol, ammonia is given off and the odor of
   this gas is apparent even at the end of the third extraction.
   An effort was made to discover how much nitrogen was
   converted into ammonia in the process. A device was
   arranged for conducting the ammonia into standard acid,
   and four 10-gram samples of Witte’s peptone were extracted
   with 2 per cent, sodium hydrate in absolute alcohol, one
   for three hours in a current of air, the others in a current
   of hydrogen for two and one-half, eight and one-half, and
   nineteen and one-half hours respectively. At the end of
   each operation the excess of acid was titrated with deciTHE
   CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 101
   normal sodium hydrate, and the percentage of nitrogen
   calculated. The relative toxicity of the split products was
   determined. In every case ammonia was still being produced
   when the process was interrupted. Again, a 10-gram
   sample of the poison from egg ablumen was boiled for
   fifty-four and one-half hours with 2 per cent, alcoholic
   alkali to ascertain if ammonia could be split from the
   poison itself. The results of this work are shown in the
   following table:
   AMMONIA PRODUCED BY CLEAVAGE OF PKOTEIN WITH DILUTE ALKALI IN
   ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL.
   Per cent, of
   Time in Atmos- N given Rate per
   Sample. hours.
   Witte peptone 3.0
   Witte peptone 2,5
   Witte peptone
   Witte peptone
   Poison
   8.5
   19.5
   54.5
   phere.
   air
   H
   HH
   II
   off.
   102 PROTEIN POISONS
   The brownish toxic powder, varying in shade of color
   somewhat with the protein from which it has been obtained,
   has a peculiar odor. It is highly hydroscopic, and the
   poisonous .portion is freely soluble in water. The solubility
   of the whole powder, however, varies with the protein
   from which it is obtained, and possibly with the length
   of time that it has been exposed to the alkali in the alcohol.
   Any portion insoluble in water should be removed by
   filtration, and in some instances we have found filtration
   through porcelain necessary. Generally the powder dissolves
   in water with a slight opalescence easily removed by
   filtration through paper. In all cases we have found the
   portion insoluble in water free from toxic effect. Aqueous
   solutions of the poison are decidedly acid to litmus, the
   acidity being due to some organic body and probably
   not to the poison itself. On neutralization with sodium
   bicarbonate a brownish, non-toxic precipitate is formed.
   Prolonged contact with alkali, as we shall see later, lessens
   the activity of the poison, and even neutralization has
   some effect, which is more marked the longer the preparation
   stands. We are inclined to attribute this to the formation
   of a salt with the acid poison and the alkali. The
   poison is freely soluble in alcohol, more readily than in
   water. Alcoholic solutions on long standing deposit small
   brownish sediments which we have always found to be
   inert. When an alcoholic solution is evaporated, there is
   a part of the residue that is insoluble in absolute alcohol.
   These portions also are devoid of toxic effect. Alcoholic
   solutions have been kept for five years without recognizable
   loss in toxicity, and even aqueous solutions decompose
   very slowly. The poison is soluble in methyl as well
   as in ethyl alcohol. It is insoluble in ether, chloroform,
   and petroleum ether. Each of these removes a small
   amount of fatty substance, which is non-toxic, but they
   do not dissolve an appreciable quantity of the poison.
   From its alcoholic solution the poison is precipitated by
   ether, but contact with ether decreases its toxicity to such
   an extent that this method is not applicable in attempts
   at purification.
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 103
   The “crude soluble poison” is soluble in strong mineral
   acids, and such solutions remain clear on being boiled and
   on dilution with water. However, a few drops of mineral
   acid added to an aqueous solution cause a precipitate,
   which seems to indicate that the acidity of the aqueous
   solution is caused by the presence of some organic acid.
   The poison diffuses slowly through collodion sacs both
   within the animal body and when suspended in distilled
   water. The following experiments bear on this point:
   Two hundred milligrams of the crude soluble poison from
   the cellular substance of the typhoid bacillus dissolved in
   20 c.c. of water was placed in each of two collodion sacs
   which were then suspended in distilled water. At the
   end of twenty-four hours, the Millon reaction was given
   by the dialysate. This was replaced every twenty-four
   hours by fresh distilled water, and the dialysis continued
   for ninety-six hours. At the end of this time the combined
   dialysates were concentrated to dryness, the residues dissolved
   in absolute alcohol, filtered, and again evaporated.
   The brown, sticky residue, thus obtained, dissolved in
   water, was acid in reaction, had the characteristic odor,
   and when injected into a guinea-pig, killed in twenty minutes
   with typical symptoms, thus showing that the poison does
   diffuse through a collodion sac. So slowly, however, does
   it diffuse that at the end of ninety-six hours it was not
   wholly removed from the sac. In another experiment
   one gram of the same poison in 8 c.c. of water was put into
   a collodion sac which was introduced into the abdominal
   cavity of a medium-sized rabbit. After twelve days, the
   animal not being visibly affected, the sac was removed
   and found to contain 6 c.c. of a clear fluid which looked
   more like blood serum than anything else. Five cubic
   centimeters of this injected into the abdomen of a guineapig
   had no effect. We conclude from this that the poison
   had diffused from the sac, but so slowly that it was disposed
   of by the animal’s body without recognizable discomfort.
   Notwithstanding the ready solubility of the crude soluble
   poison in absolute alcohol, we must regard it as either
   104 PROTEIN POISONS
   being a protein itself or as being mixed with one or more
   proteins. Its aqueous solutions give all the protein color
   reactions with the important exception of that of Molisch.
   It is worthy of note that the part that separates from
   alcoholic solution on long standing is inert and does not
   give the protein reactions, while the solution does not
   decrease in toxicity. This indicates that the protein is
   permanently soluble in absolute alcohol. The Millon
   reaction shows most perfectly and persistently whenever
   the poison is found. It is generally believed by physiological
   chemists that this reaction is given by all benzene
   derivatives in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced
   by a hydroxyl group, and it is also generally supposed that
   tyrosin is the only oxyphenyl compound in the protein
   molecule, therefore this reaction is presumed to show the
   presence of tyrosin. This is interesting in view of the
   fact already stated that gelatin, which contains no tyrosin,
   or but little, yields no poison. The fact that the poison
   contains no carbohydrate, as shown by its failure to respond
   to the Molisch test, an exceedingly delicate test, is, in our
   opinion, strong evidence that the cleavage in the protein
   molecule induced by dilute alkali in absolute alcohol at
   the temperature of 78 follows along structural lines. If
   the change were one of simple degradation without chemical
   cleavage it wrould be difficult to explain the absolute failure
   of the carbohydrate test in the crude soluble poison. It
   seems quite evident from our work that in the process the
   complex protein molecule is split into several groups, one
   of which is the poison and another is a carbohydrate, the
   former being freely soluble in absolute alcohol, while the
   latter is insoluble in this reagent. It should be stated that
   the crude, soluble poison not only fails to respond to the
   Molisch test, but it also fails to reduce Fehling’s solution
   after prolonged boiling with dilute mineral acid.
   The crude soluble poison gives the biuret test beautifully,
   therefore we must say that the poison either is itself
   a biuret body or is mixed with such a body. As is well
   known, the biuret test is regarded as the landmark between
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 105
   proteins and their simpler non-protein disruption products,
   and, so long as a disrupted protein continues to give the
   biuret test it must still be classed among the proteins. It
   will certainly be understood that the pure poison may
   not be a protein, but until it is purified sufficiently to fail
   to give the biuret test it must be regarded as a protein.
   The poison responds nicely to the Adamkiewicz or glyoxylic
   acid test. Hopkins and Cole have shown quite
   convincingly that this color test depends upon the presence
   of tryptophan or indol-amino-propionic acid; therefore, while
   we have made no direct search for tryptophan in our poison,
   we assume its presence on account of the unequivocal
   response to this test.
   When the poison is boiled with concentrated hydrochloric
   acid to which a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid has
   been added, the powder passes into solution and a violet
   color results, thus giving Liebermann’s test. At one time
   Hofmeister believed this to be a carbohydrate reaction in
   which furfurol and the aromatic oxyphenyl radicals take
   part, but Cole has shown that this, like the Adamkiewicz
   test, also once regarded as a carbohydrate test, is due to
   the tryptophan group. We are quite convinced that our
   soluble poison contains no carbohydrate, and we regard
   the fact that it does respond to the Liebermann test as a
   strong confirmation of the error of Hofmeister’s explanation
   of this test, and in favor of the explanation given by Cole.
   When heated with strong nitric acid the powdered poison
   goes into solution, more or less yellow according to the
   amount used, and this becomes orange on the addition of
   ammonia, thus giving the xanthroproteic test and indicating
   the existence of aromatic radicals.
   The ordinary test for sulphur in proteins, that of heating
   with excess of sodium hydrate in the presence of a small
   amount of acetate of lead, is not given by the portion of
   the protein split off “by alkali in absolute alcohol. If,
   however, a portion of the substance in a test-tube is fused
   with metallic sodium and the cooled mass treated with
   water, a few drops of a freshly prepared solution of sodium
   106 PROTEIN POISONS
   nitroprussiate added to a part of the clear filtrate, a beautiful
   violet color is produced, indicating the presence of sulphur.
   Also, if the other part of the clear filtrate be treated with a
   lead acetate solution, lead sulphide is precipitated. If the
   solution be acidified before lead acetate is added a faint
   but unmistakable odor of hydrogen sulphide is detected.
   It is known that sulphur may exist in the protein molecule
   in at least two forms, one part being readily split off with
   dilute alkali as a sulphide, the other being obtained only
   when the disruption of the protein molecule is carried much
   farther. It is still a question whether or not both of these
   sulphur groups come from cystin. Since the nitroprussiate
   reaction is very delicate, no conclusion as to the amount
   of sulphur can be drawn from this test, and although a
   good precipitate of lead sulphide is formed, the amount of
   sulphur in the poison is probably not large, since Leach
   failed entirely to find sulphur in the ash of the colon bacillus,
   though both the cellular substance and the non-poisonous
   portion, as well as the poison, respond to the nitroprussiate
   test for sulphur and also give the lead sulphide precipitate
   in the clear acidified filtrate from the fused mass.
   A solution of this toxic substance is not coagulated by
   heat in acid, neutral, or alkaline solution, though, as already
   stated, a few drops of a mineral acid added to an aqueous
   solution causes the appearance of a considerable precipitate,
   which is not soluble on heating or on the further addition
   of acid. This precipitate is produced regardless of the
   previous removal of the opalescence from the aqueous
   solution.
   Among the metallic salts, copper sulphate produces no
   precipitate and ferric chloride only on heating. Silver
   nitrate naturally precipitates any trace of chlorides present,
   but after the addition of an excess of ammonia there still
   remains a small precipitate. Potassium ferrocyanide gives
   a precipitate, also potassium bismuth iodide in acid solution.
   Lead acetate, mercuric chloride, and platinum chloride
   all produce heavy precipitates. With lead acetate and
   mercuric chloride, however, after removal of lead and
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 107
   mercury with hydrogen sulphide from their respective
   precipitates and filtrates, the protein reactions are given
   by the filtrates, and here also is found the poison in each
   case. From 10 to 15 per cent, of the crude poison can be
   precipitated by the use of platinum chloride in either water
   or alcoholic solution. All attempts to crystallize this
   precipitate failed, as only a small part of it is dissolved by
   hot water, and the insoluble part is unaffected by any of
   the ordinary solvents. The protein reactions are given
   by the platinum precipitate, by both soluble and insoluble
   parts, but not by the filtrate. The poison is found in the
   insoluble part of the precipitate after removal of the platinum
   by hydrogen sulphide, its toxicity being markedly
   increased. The other parts, after removal of the platinum,
   are inert.
   The most active products have been obtained by precipitation
   from solution in absolute alcohol with alcoholic solutions
   of the chlorides of platinum, mercury, and copper and
   removal of the base from the precipitate with hydrogen
   sulphide. By this method we have obtained a body which
   kills guinea-pigs of from 200 to 300 grams’ weight in doses
   of 0.5 mg. given intravenously.
   From a water solution of the poison, bodies giving protein
   reactions may be salted out by the addition of ammonium
   sulphate or sodium chloride to saturation, but in neither
   case is the separation complete, the filtrates still responding
   to the protein color tests after removal of the neutral
   salts. In case of salting out with ammonium sulphate, the
   solubility of both parts is thereby lessened and the toxicity
   diminished, possibly on account of decreased solubility,
   though both parts exhibit some poisonous action, and likewise
   both show the protein color tests.
   Phosphotungstic, phosphomolybdic, and picric acids all
   give abundant precipitates. Since these reagents are also
   used in the precipitation of alkaloidal bodies, the precipitates
   .with phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acids were
   further examined, the possibility suggesting itself that the
   toxic body might be alkaloidal in nature, and that the
   108 PROTEIN POISONS
   protein part might be entirely separate from the poison.
   A sample was precipitated with phosphomolybdic acid
   in acid solution, the precipitate removed, washed, and
   dissolved in ammoniacal water. This solution was then
   shaken with amyl alcohol, but the alcohol was not colored
   and the residue obtained on concentration was so slight as
   to be practically nothing. Another sample was precipitated
   with phosphotungstic acid, the solution being acid in
   reaction. The precipitate was allowed to settle, removed
   by filtration, washed with acidulated water, decomposed
   with a saturated solution of barium hydrate, and the
   remaining insoluble part filtered out. So far as possible,
   the barium was removed from the filtrate with carbon
   dioxide, alternating with concentration, and further addition
   of carbon dioxide. The solution was then allowed to
   concentrate to dryness, when the residue was dissolved in
   absolute alcohol, leaving barium salts behind. On concentrating
   the slightly opalescent solution, more barium
   salts came down during the process and were filtered out.
   The dry residue was taken up in water and ammonium
   carbonate used to precipitate the barium that still remained.
   After removing the barium carbonate by evaporating on
   the water-bath, both carbon dioxide and ammonia were
   expelled, the solution again becoming acid. Dryness being
   reached, absolute alcohol was once more used, leaving
   undissolved a small amount of inorganic material. In this
   way the final residue after evaporation of the alcohol was
   practically freed from inorganic impurities. Sulphuric
   acid no longer gave a barium precipitate in water solution.
   The amount obtained by this method was very small and
   an exceedingly small part of the original toxic powder.
   Since the substance obtained in this way still gave good
   Millon’s, biuret and xanthoproteic reactions, it is fair to
   say that it was not alkaloidal. The very small amount
   obtained by this method given to a guinea-pig intraabdominally
   made the animal sick, but did not kill.
   Either phosphotungstic acid does not precipitate the toxic
   body or else the amount obtained was less than a fatal
   dose.
   Should the poison consist of an alkaloidal body existing
   as a salt in the acid solution, the possibility of extracting
   the base with ether or chloroform, after the solution had
   been made alkaline with ammonia, is apparent. This
   was tried with negative results. To a water solution of
   colon poison, acid in reaction, ammonia was added, drop
   by drop, to a slightly alkaline reaction, the mixture shaken
   with ether, the ether separated and evaporated. The residue
   remaining was non-toxic. The ammoniacal water solution
   was next shaken with chloroform, the slightly colored
   chloroform drawn off and evaporated at low temperature,
   leaving a small amount of a dark, thick, semiliquid, which
   was not poisonous either as it was or after faintly acidifying
   with hydrochloric acid. The water solution remaining
   being still poisonous, it is evident that the toxic part is not
   an alkaloidal body capable of being extracted directly.
   Potassium bismuth iodide in acid solution of the crude
   soluble poison produces an abundant precipitate, apparently
   more or less soluble in excess, and soluble in ammoniacal
   water.
   Kowalewsky has shown that uranyl acetate will completely
   remove from various albuminous fluids every trace
   of protein giving a biuret reaction, while Jacoby and others
   have used this reagent for the removal of proteins from
   faintly alkaline solutions. Abel and Ford used it to remove
   protein from an extract of poisonous fungi. In a slightly
   alkaline solution of albumin poison, uranium acetate gave
   an abundant precipitate, but not a complete separation,
   as both precipitate and filtrate still gave the Millon and
   biuret tests, and the filtrate, after removal of excess of
   uranium with a solution of di-sodium hydrogen phosphate,
   filtration, evaporation, solution in alcohol, and reevaporation,
   was still poisonous. In acid solution, the precipitation
   was complete, the filtrate no longer giving the protein
   reactions.
   Freshly prepared metaphosphoric acid also produced
   an abundant precipitate, but not a complete separation,
   the filtrate showing both Millon and biuret reactions.
   110 PROTEIN POISONS
   Likewise a heavy precipitate is produced by the use of a
   saturated solution of picric acid, but the poison is not in the
   precipitate, which gives only a very poor Millon test after
   removal of the picric acid, and no biuret. Hofmeister has
   given a method for introducing iodine into the molecule
   of egg albumen. This was tried with the poison split from
   egg albumen. The iodized compound no longer gave either
   the Millon or biuret reactions, and while it affected animals
   more or less, they did not die, and the symptoms were not
   those induced by toxin poisoning. The iodine seemed to
   have entered into chemical combination in the poison
   molecule, and to have thus changed its characteristics.
   The iodized body was freely soluble in absolute alcohol,
   and in alkaline water, not in water alone, and was precipitated
   by acid water from alcoholic solution, also on acidifying
   an alkaline water solution. Though it no longer
   responded to the Millon and biuret reactions, a good test
   for nitrogen was obtained after fusing with metallic sodium.
   An attempt was made to benzoylate the poison by the
   Schotten-Baumann method, using albumin poison. Practically
   no precipitate was obtained. From the filtrate in a
   part soluble in hot alcohol there were obtained shiny, glistening
   plates or flat needles which matted together under
   suction, and had much the appearance of some of the fatty
   acids. These were insoluble in water or very difficultly
   so, if at all, difficultly soluble in cold alcohol, readily in hot.
   They gave no Millon test, no biuret, no Molisch, and contained
   no nitrogen. After recrystallization from alcohol
   they melted constantly at 62. Palmitic acid melts at 62
   and boils at 339 to 350 (Mulliken). A Merck preparation
   of palmitic acid melted at 62 and boiled at about 345 to
   350. Our crystals had not yet boiled at 360, though
   above 300 there was some decomposition. From the
   remainder of the filtrate there was obtained from the part
   soluble in cold alcohol a non-crystallizable body, giving
   both Millon and biuret tests and containing 9.335 per cent,
   of nitrogen, and from the part soluble only in water, likewise
   a non-crystalline compound, with 9.66 per cent, nitrogen,
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 111
   and showing both Millon and biuret tests, but not seriously
   affecting animals in usual doses.
   The nitrogen in a number of the crude poisons has been
   determined by Gidley in this laboratory as follows:
   PERCENTAGE OF NITROGEN IN PROTEIN POISONS.
   Per cent, of N.
   Source of poison. in crude poison.
   Colon bacillus 13.49
   Typhoid bacillus 11.52
   Tubercle bacillus 11.00
   Pyocyaneus 10.50
   Ruber of Kiel 10.495
   Subtilis 8.12
   Megaterium 8.595
   Proteus vulgaris 10.17
   Yellow sarcine 6.145
   Egg albumen (Leach) 13 . 74
   Serum albumin 10.48
   Edestin 12.78
   Zein 10.69
   Witte peptone 11.14
   De Chapoteaut peptone …….. 12.735
   To study the distribution of the nitrogen, determinations
   were made in both the colon and albumin poisons, of the
   ammonia nitrogen, the mono-amino, and diamino nitrogen,
   by the method already described under cleavage with
   dilute mineral acids. The following are the results:
   DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN PROTEIN POISONS.
   Total N Mono-
   Source of Total of acid Ammonia amino Diamino
   poison. poison. extract. N. N. N.
   Colon bacillus . 13.49% 10.185% 1.525% 6.472% 1.753%
   Egg albumen . 13.74% 11.477% 0.745% 7.999% 1.400%
   It will be seen that the greater part of the nitrogen is to
   be found in mono-amino combination. From the phosphotungstic
   filtrates, from both the albumin and colon poisons,
   containing the mono-amino acids, crystalline bodies were
   obtained. Judged by the strong Millon test, tyrosin was
   112 PROTEIN POISONS
   undoubtedly present, but the crystalline masses were
   largely leucin, and no tyrosin was obtained in purified
   form. From the crude crystals, after many and repeated
   crystallizations, what was thought to be leucin was obtained
   pure, melting at 264 to 265 uncorrected, or 269.42 to
   270.46 corrected. The crystals were thin plates characteristically
   grouped, and sublimed readily. From another
   5 per cent, sulphuric acid extract of albumin poison was
   obtained a large mass of crystals in characteristic tyrosinlike
   sheaves, and giving a deep Millon reaction. These
   were undoubtedly tyrosin, though at the time no meltingpoint
   was taken.
   Properties of the Haptophor or Non-poisonous Group. Leach1
   has investigated this split product with the following
   general results: After cleavage of the protein with alkaline
   alcohol, the haptophor remains undissolved. It is collected
   on a filter, then transferred to Soxhlets, and for some days
   extracted with 95 per cent, alcohol. This is for the purpose
   of removing as thoroughly as possible the alkali which it
   has absorbed from the alkaline alcohol. This cannot,
   however, be wholly washed out by this method, and it is
   possible that in part it is held chemically. After this
   extraction the substance is easily reduced to a fine brownish
   powder. On burning it puffs up, gives off the characteristic
   odor of nitrogenous compounds, and leaves a copious ash
   containing phosphate. The solubility of the haptophors
   from different proteins differs widely; that from egg-white
   is wholly soluble in water, while that from the cellular
   substance of the tubercle bacillus is only sparingly soluble.
   However, it is only the part soluble in water from any of
   these haptophors that is of special interest. The studies of
   Leach, referred to, were made with the non-poisonous
   portion of the colon bacillus. This is mainly soluble in
   water, giving an opalescent solution from which a lightcolored
   sediment is deposited on standing, leaving a clear,
   golden brown solution. The sediment is not soluble in
   1 Jour. Biolog. Chem., 1907, iii, 443.
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 113
   either dilute alkali or acid in the cold, but is soluble in
   alkali on boiling. The clear, aqueous solution of the haptophor
   is alkaline from sodium hydrate held either mechanically
   or chemically; it is precipitated by mineral acids and
   by alcohol. It responds to the biuret, xanthoproteic,
   Millon, and Adamkiewicz tests. Millon’s test is not very
   satisfactory, and in some samples has failed altogether,
   even after care has been exercised in neutralizing the alkali.
   It is quite evident that the substance or substances in the
   protein molecule to which the Millon test is due are for
   the most part found in the toxophor group. However,
   the readiness of response to this test varies greatly in the
   different haptophors. The haptophor substance does not
   reduce Fehling’s solution directly, but does so readily and
   abundantly after prolonged boiling with dilute hydrochloric
   acid. The presence of carbohydrate in the haptophor
   has already been discussed (page 70). Tests with
   a-naphthol, phloroglucin, and orcin give positive results.
   Ammonium molybdate gives an organic precipitate, but
   no evidence of free phosphoric acid. The preliminary tests
   show the presence of protein, nucleic, and carbohydrate
   groups. Comparing these results with those obtained in
   the study of the toxophor, the following statements may
   be formulated: (1) The toxophor is freely soluble in absolute
   alcohol, the haptophor is insoluble in this menstruum.
   (2) The toxophor contains no carbohydrate, all of which is
   found in the haptophor. (3) The toxophor freely responds
   to the Millon test, while the haptophor does so slightly and
   in some instances not at all. (4) The toxophor contains no
   phosphorus, or but little of this element, while the haptophor
   is rich in phosphorus. (5) The toxophor from different
   proteins seems to be the same, possibly with unrecognizable
   differences in chemical structure, while the haptophor of
   each protein differs from that from all other proteins.
   Leach1
   gives the following table showing the percentages
   of ash, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the haptophor of the
   colon bacillus:
   1 Loc. cit.
   ash.
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 115
   nucleic acid and the nucleates are the only nucleo compounds
   in which the ratios are at all comparable with
   those given in the preceding table. Nuclein contains a
   little less phosphorus than any of these preparations from
   the germ, while other nucleo compounds are much richer
   in nitrogen and poorer in phosphorus. It is perhaps worthy
   of mention that contact with mineral acid apparently
   breaks up the nucleic acid, the phosphoric acid going into
   solution; thus, preparation A gives evidence of phosphorus
   in inorganic combination, while G does not.”
   Substance.
   116 PROTEIN POISONS
   Leach split up edestin, casein, egg-white, and colon
   cellular substance with alkaline alcohol. The insoluble
   part of each gave the various protein color tests, Millon’s
   reaction less satisfactorily than the others. On stirring
   with water, the edestin preparation was entirely soluble,
   there was a slight flocculence with the casein preparation,
   the others were mainly but not wholly soluble. Addition of
   a little sodium hydroxide increases the solubility. Mineral
   acids give precipitates with the casein and egg preparations.
   The most marked difference was found on testing for
   carbohydrates. As edestin contains no carbohydrate, its
   preparation showed no evidence of such a group. Although
   casein is said to contain no carbohydrate, it has been found
   to respond to the Molisch test, and so does its haptophor.
   As was to be expected, the egg preparation gives evidence
   of hexose and not pentose. The lead sulphide reaction
   shows the presence of loosely combined sulphur in the
   preparations from egg and edestin, not in the ones from
   casein and the colon bacillus.
   Samples of the haptophor of egg-white were stirred with
   water, filtered, and attempts made to separate protein and
   carbohydrate in the filtrate by means of uranium acetate.
   The acetate was added both with and without sufficient
   alkali to keep the solution alkaline. A copious precipitate
   resulted in both cases and this was filtered out with some
   difficulty. The slight excess of uranium was removed
   from the filtrate by the addition of sodium phosphate.
   The filtrate gave evidence of carbohydrate, but the separation
   was not sufficiently sharp, and that method was
   abandoned. Acidifying until there was a slight permanent
   precipitate, the addition of either ethyl or methyl alcohol
   cleared the solution. Phosphotungstic acid precipitated
   both protein and carbohydrate. In short, no method was
   found that would remove the protein from the solution and
   leave the carbohydrate. It is perhaps a legitimate inference
   that the combination of the two is a chemical one.
   Samples were subjected to hydrolysis and titrated with
   Fehling’s solution. The proteins and possibly other bodies
   THE CLEAVAGE OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALI 117
   present interfered with the reaction, but by adding the
   solution all or nearly all at once it was possible to obtain
   comparative results. Experiments with the haptophor of
   the colon bacillus had shown that the maximum reduction
   was obtained by boiling for two and one-half hours with
   2.5 per cent, hydrochloric acid (see p. 70).
   Three grams of the haptophor of egg-white was mixed
   with 200 c.c. of water, and 20 c.c. of 25 per cent, hydrochloric
   acid. A second sample was prepared in the same
   way except that it was filtered before adding the acid.
   Both were boiled with reflux condenser. After boiling half
   an hour and then at intervals of three hours, aliquot parts
   were removed, neutralized, titrated with Fehling’s solution,
   and the amount of reducing substance calculated. Other
   samples were hydrolyzed with sulphuric acid, with less
   satisfactory results. These preliminary experiments indicated
   that the reducing substance is all present in the
   portion soluble in water, and that the maximum yield,
   which if calculated as dextrose, is about 9 per cent., is
   obtained by boiling from ten to twelve hours, and until the
   mixture no longer gives the biuret test.
   Accordingly, 25 grams of the egg-white haptophor was
   shaken for two hours on a shaker with ten times its weight
   of water, filtered, 200 c.c. more of water added, the solution
   neutralized with hydrochloric acid, then 50 c.c. of 25 per
   cent, hydrochloric acid added, thus making approximately
   a 5 per cent, solution of material in 2.5 per cent. acid. This
   was boiled with a reflux condenser for ten or twelve hours,
   until the solution no longer gave the biuret test. It was
   then filtered, leaving very little on the filter. The clear,
   red-brown filtrate was cooled, neutralized with sodium
   hydroxide, and benzolated by the Schotten-Baumann
   method. The mixture became very warm, but was cooled
   by surrounding the flasks with pounded ice and salt. When
   the reaction ceased, the compound settled nicely, and was
   filtered by suction after standing two or three hours. The
   precipitate was washed with water containing a little
   ammonia, and treated with boiling water, in which a large
   118 PROTEIN POISONS
   portion was freely soluble. On cooling and concentrating
   the alcoholic solution, a fine yield of crystals was obtained.
   The crystals from several samples were united and recrystallized
   from hot absolute alcohol until the solution was
   clear and colorless. Macroscopic bundles of needles were
   thus obtained, showing very characteristic grouping. They
   were washed in alcohol and in ether, dried upon porous
   plates, the operations being repeated until samples from
   two recrystallizations melted side by side within 1 or 1.5.
   The crystals are pure white, readily soluble in benzol,
   chloroform, and in glacial acetic acid as well as in alcohol,
   and melt at 203. When boiled with sodium hydroxide,
   ammonia is given off; after removing benzoic acid by boiling
   with hydrochloric acid, the resulting product reduces

   Reply

4. Here in Houston the spraying was really bad yesterday. It was really windy and seemed like a cloudless day until about noon. Then the spraying started. The weather says mostly cloudy but satellite images show a pretty clean spot over northwest Houston. Like maybe they scrub the images before they go up? On the walk home from the bus stop and maybe a total of 20 minutes outside talking to neighbors to point out the trails, everyone of my kids has something today. My youngest is 3 and complained of his ears hurting him all night long and he rarely if ever has had ear infections. My 5 year old woke up with a bunch of crust on one eye, what is that?! And my 7 year old just developed a cough. I am noticing that my older two with allergies seem to be the most affected on days like this, but this was really quick. It was so heavy that there was a rainbow like halo around the sun and some of the clouds seemed to be lighting up with a rainbow effect as well. So so sad….

   Reply

5. Start wearing masks they use when spray painting, people will ask you why you are wearing it. This gives you an excuse to educate people without being pushy and people shall except your explanation sooner. You can also refer them to a website to seek for themselves if they do not believe you.

   Reply

6. Just wanted to report the largest chem-carpet I’ve ever seen here in Los Angeles. It started on March 15th (5 days ago), earlier last week up until the 15th we’ve had crystal clear skies – but every day since the 15th there have been massive sprays in all directions as well as evenly spaced rakes through the skies, several planes at once in all areas of the sky; every day. The sun emulates the strangest glow through the silvery “clouds”…it’s bizarre, guys. I’ve never been this website, but I found it through a random search to see if anyone else was talking about it. I mean, this is a THICK carpet like nothing Ive ever seen. And this past week, everyone I know including myself has fallen sick. I’ve had a flu, coughing up yellow phlegm every day. Sick as a dog, all my friends too. This is baaaad. I was looking up at it today, you can hardly see streaks anymore it’s just all fake clouds – silver haze. Where there are breaks in the clouds, there are new planes and chemtrails. Everytime I look up there’s another plane. They’re freaking everywhere. 🙁

   Reply

   1. It sounds like Los Angeles is getting hit hard, Bianca. I’m sorry to hear it’s so bad there. Thanks for sharing this so others can know that they’re not alone. There are some things you can do to build up your immune system and not get sick so much. Look into those and vigilantly protect yourself. Some tips are on our ‘health’ page. Diatomaceous earth detoxifies metals and other things from your system. A netti pot cleanse w/ a drop of tea tree oil in it daily, seems to help to ward off the viruses. I inhale steam from colloidal silver when I feel a virus coming on and it seems to stop it. Stay away from all genetically modified, and processed foods. etc… Nutritional information can be found on naturalnews.com. We need to wake people up to this insanity, Bianca. They’re all quite obliviously asleep, as if under a spell. Programmed and conditioned from birth. Some of us manage to break free and see the truth. We need to help others do the same. Keep looking up, and take heart! You’re not alone. Thanks for writing.

   2. Bianca, I’m in LA and have been seeing the same thing. Even from a high point in Marina del Rey I look out and see this horrible grey/brown haze over all of the Westside. And there are constantly more planes that break through the wisps of chemtrails hours old.
      What can we do to raise awareness here?

7. Yesterday was the worst spraying we have ever witnessed. I live in SE TN on the NW GA border. We saw what my daughter described as “rainbow portals”. We counted 6 planes at one time and at least 60 trails over a 15 mile traveling distance. This went on from sun up to sun down.

   Here is the kicker, today I went to pick up some supplies. I went to several different places. At my first stop a clerk said to another “I am so tired” and the co-worker replied, “me too, I feel so sleepy today”. There was my door! I jotted some info down for them to look up. Next stop I see a mom and a 10 yr old or so walking by and the little girls says “Mom! I am soooo tired”. Mom replied, “I know, me too honey”. This is really getting serious. I’m glad I found your site tonight! This is going to need a huge collective of people to be very organized and act quickly. It was shocking to realize how long they have been doing this.. I only found out about it a year ago or so when I started investigating the pains and symptoms I was having from this disgusting genocide!

   Reply

8. My gosh, no one wants to hear this. I have tried to tell people, put the videos on Facebook, but everybody is too asleep! They are so wrapped up in the financial chaos.Or they make fun of this, as well as the current radiation problem. I want to make the most of my time and this information. What is the best approach? Most people are not willing to believe it.

   Reply

   1. Don’t give up, we have to keep trying to get the word out. These demons will not win! I have found an approach that is working. Instead of trying to tell them all about it, listen to what they are saying. As soon as they say something like “I have been so achy lately” or “I feel so sleepy all the time” (a couple of the side affects from this evil spraying), then that is your time to ask “Have you noticed those white lines in the sky?”. If they say yes just give them a link to info or a video. If they say no, tell them to start watching the sky and see if they notice those white lines that “don’t go away”. Just remember, the less you say the more curious they are likely to be. Print up some business cards with just info on them to hand out. Stay strong and vigilant everyone…evil NEVER wins in the end!

   2. I’ve has the same experience Marie. I point out the spraying to people and actually get laughed at!
      Some are receptive but the majority are in some sort of trance with their i-pods.

   3. I notice that all the time too Al.

9. i’m in kamloops b.c. the snow arrived here overnight and looks like the pebbling you see on a curling ice surface. this was preceded by an all out assault of chemtrails and howling, swirling cold blasts of winter over the last 2 days.

   Reply

   1. I am in Edmonton, Alberta, and we had the warmest February on record. And quite a reversal in March, and week of snow, little bit more every night, strange sticky snow some of the time, and unusual cold spell following. And yesterday, while shovelling snow under overcast skies, heard at least 6 low-flying jets in short order – we are miles and miles from the airport.

10. Would be happy to contribute to a bill board campaign to alert the public. Also ; try anti war web site. Justine Raimondo is one of the most articulate and persuasive minds in this country. He would probably help. Our senators and congressmen are loyal only to their large contributors so forget about them. This sheisse is falling on phoenix arizona every day now. We think it may make sense to move; but where?.

    Reply
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12. Wiley….Nice to see such enthusiasm!:) Got our cards and DVDs. Been handing out to those who are receptive.

    Have taken hundreds of photos the last few days. Lots of trails and strange clouds here in Northwest CA. It looks like all the clouds have been sprayed. The sky has a very surreal look to it, and is the wrong color.
    It is also strangely dry, desicated.

    You can see changes from last Spring. Looks like they may have taken over natural weather systems.

    Scarey… but I think I would rather know. So nice to have all this information here on “The Geo-Watch” to access.

    I agree with you wholeheartedly Wiley. Keep up the good work!

    Reply

13. Thanks so much for your hard work and amazing info, Dane. On Coast to Coast a caller asked what foods contain the least amount of aluminum. You said the larger organisms–trees. But you show a diagram in a previous interview that plants die off with aluminum particulates in the soil. Can you please explain? I’m handing out your cards, displaying your bumper sticker, etc…

    Reply
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15. I notified Earthjustice.org yesterday, and told them about this web site, and asked them to send a system wide alert to all members of Earthjustice@.

    Earthjustice@-for those of you who might not know-, is the lawyer for most environmental groups, such as Sierra Club, etc. Their motto is : ” Because the Earth needs a good lawyer. ”

    I would urge all who read this message, to go to http://www.earthjustice.org. and become a member, and reguest that they take on this vital issue. The only way we are going to win this war against insanity, is to get all the help we can in this vital battle !

    Reply

16. Nothing else matters really if geoengineering doesn’t stop. I am doing everything I can in little NZ to stop these crimes. Thanks for all you do again Dane

    Reply

17. I’m aware – concerned – informing – as rapidly as possible and contacting senators from Texas ! Everyone hurry and help ! Order your cards ASAP !!! For our children this is an emergency !

    Reply

    1. I would love some cards and bumper stickers. I am trying to make people aware. I’ve signed every petition I can find. Calling senator now